Ces guerres de l'eau qui nous menacent | Géopolitis

Géopolitis September 19, 2025
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Géopolitis est une émission de la RTS - Radio Télévision Suisse et TV5 Monde. La rédaction de Géopolitis décode les affaires du monde, en s'entourant des meilleurs experts et observateurs des relations internationales. Politique, commerce, santé, coopération ou écologie, retrouvez l'actualité de la planète sur le web en tout temps sur geopolitis.ch et le dimanche à 13h10 sur RTS 1.

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Ressource vitale, l’eau ne connaît pas de frontières. Partagée entre plusieurs Etats, elle peut devenir source de tensions politiques. Le réchauffement climatique accentue sa rareté et rebat les cartes des équilibres régionaux. Invité : Christian Bréthaut, professeur en gouvernance de l’eau à l’Université de Genève, co-directeur de la Chaire UNESCO d’hydropolitique Présentation : Laurent Huguenin-Elie Au sommaire: 00:00 Eau, enjeu vital 02:20 Mexique, Ethiopie, Cambodge, les tensions s’accroissent autour des ressources en eau 06:23 Christian Bréthaut: "L’Ethiopie veut contribuer à l’électrification de l’Est africain" 11:12 En Irak, les mythiques marais de Mésopotamie s’assèchent inexorablement 13:25 Christian Bréthaut: "Une crise de l’eau est aussi une crise de gouvernance" 16:07 A Gaza, l’eau utilisée comme arme de guerre ? 18:27 Christian Bréthaut: "Attaquer les infrastructures hydriques n’est plus un tabou" 21:49 Des mines en Birmanie accusées de polluer des cours d’eau en Thaïlande Du Nil au Colorado, en passant par les marais de Mésopotamie et le lac Léman, l’eau se retrouve au cœur de bras de fer géopolitiques. Des tensions qui pourraient s’accroître avec le réchauffement climatique, observe Christian Bréthaut, co-directeur de la Chaire UNESCO en hydropolitiques. "On constate une recrudescence des tensions hydriques, surtout aux échelles régionales. A l’international, l’eau demeure plutôt un vecteur de coopération, mais la situation peut évoluer rapidement", déclare-t-il. Les eaux transfrontalières représentent 60% des flux mondiaux d’eau douce. Pourtant, peu d’accords structurent leur gestion. "Une crise de l’eau est avant tout une crise de gouvernance", résume le professeur à l’Université de Genève. - Le Nil, symbole de rivalités Le Nil illustre parfaitement ces enjeux. La mise en service par l’Ethiopie du plus grand barrage d’Afrique, dit de la Renaissance, inquiète l’Egypte et le Soudan, qui craignent pour leur approvisionnement en eau. "Lorsqu’on parle d’une infrastructure de cette dimension, les impacts à l’aval sont certains, malheureusement", constate Christian Bréthaut. "La question critique est de savoir comment les Etats vont s’organiser lors d’extrêmes climatiques, notamment des sécheresses, pour éviter que des tensions ne dégénèrent en conflit. L’absence d’accord complique cette anticipation et cette adaptation." Le barrage symbolise aussi un basculement régional. "On parle d’hydro-nationalisme. (...) L’Ethiopie veut s’imposer comme puissance en Afrique de l’Est, concurrençant une Egypte historiquement dominante sur le Nil", souligne Christian Bréthaut. - Des accords en eaux troubles Le changement climatique et la pollution accentuent ces tensions hydriques. C’est notamment le cas du fleuve Colorado, dont le débit a chuté de 20% en un siècle, sous l’effet des sécheresses répétées et de la surexploitation. Le partage des eaux du Colorado et du Rio Grande (ou Rio Bravo au Mexique), établit par un traité américano-mexicain en 1944, est aujourd’hui fragilisé par la raréfaction des ressources hydriques. Dans le nord de la Thaïlande, la rivière Kok, affluent du Mékong, est contaminée par des boues toxiques, issues de l’extraction d’or et de terres rares en Birmanie voisine, attribuées à des entreprises chinoises. Résultat: les poissons sont malades et les pêcheurs peinent à écouler leurs prises. "Ce problème ne sera résolu que si les gouvernements thaïlandais, birmans et chinois travaillent ensemble", alerte Penchom Saetang, directrice de l’ONG Earth Thaïlande. La coopération internationale reste la clé pour prévenir ces frictions, d’après Christian Bréthaut. Début septembre, la Suisse et la France ont ainsi signé deux accords sur la gestion des eaux du Rhône et du Léman, après quatorze ans de négociations. Ces textes visent à coordonner la gestion durable des eaux, notamment lors de sécheresses et de crues. "Pendant longtemps, on avait des mécanismes régionaux qui fonctionnaient, sans volonté française de les remettre en question. Le changement climatique a poussé Paris à revenir à la table des négociations et à demander plus de flexibilité", observe le professeur. Signer des accords ne suffit toutefois pas. Il faut aussi des infrastructures fiables et une volonté politique, d’après Christian Bréthaut: "Des métropoles comme Mexico perdent 40 à 50% de leur eau à cause de fuites. Là, ce n’est pas une question de climat, mais bien de décision politique qui doit porter sur le renouvellement des infrastructures et sur l’économie de l’eau." Le site de Géopolitis : https://www.rts.ch/emissions/geopolitis/ #eau #sécheresse #conflits

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