"La case de l'oncle Tom", du héros au traître | Documentaire | ARTE

ARTE November 16, 2025
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Documentaire disponible jusqu'au 22/04/2026 Immense best-seller en son temps, le roman "La case de l’oncle Tom" a porté la cause abolitionniste, tout en véhiculant des préjugés racistes sur les Afro-Américains. La formidable anatomie d’une oeuvre pétrie d’ambivalences, qui a profondément marqué les mémoires. "C'est donc vous cette petite dame qui a provoqué cette grande guerre ?", aurait lancé Abraham Lincoln en recevant à la Maison-Blanche Harriet Beecher Stowe, l’autrice de La case de l'oncle Tom. Apocryphe ou pas, la citation n'en traduit pas moins la déflagration causée par son livre, auquel d’aucuns imputaient le déclenchement de la guerre de Sécession. Publié dix ans plus tôt, en 1851, et d’abord en feuilleton, le roman, qui s’inscrit aussi dans la première vague du féminisme, s’est avéré un puissant catalyseur pour la mobilisation abolitionniste. Suscitant la rage des États du Sud, l’écrivaine, fille et épouse de pasteur, qui le conçoit comme un manifeste politique, fait l’objet de menaces et reçoit même l’oreille tranchée d’un esclave. Mais l'écho rencontré par l’immédiat best-seller, emmené par son héros "christique", dépasse rapidement le continent américain. Inspiré par des récits d’esclaves, dont l’autobiographie de Josiah Henson, qui sera totalement occulté, il s’impose en quelques années comme le livre le plus vendu au XIXe siècle après la Bible. Pourtant, si l’honnête Harriet Beecher Stowe se documente sur la réalité des plantations de coton, elle échoue à vaincre ses préjugés sur la supériorité des Blancs. Amplifié et caricaturé par ses innombrables adaptations au théâtre et au cinéma – souvent avec des comédiens blancs grimés en noir –, le racialisme romantique qui infuse le roman va, un siècle plus tard, faire du personnage de l’"oncle Tom" l’une des pires insultes qu'un Afro-Américain puisse adresser à un autre, Malcolm X gratifiant Martin Luther King de l’infamant surnom. Luttant pour ses droits civiques, la communauté afro-américaine se réapproprie ses représentations et la figure sacrificielle du héros du livre est alors vue comme un traître.  "Pour la première fois dans l’histoire littéraire américaine, on présente des Noirs comme des êtres humains, avec des pensées, des sentiments…", rappelle l’historien Pap Ndiaye. Procédant à une passionnante anatomie du roman, Priscilla Pizzato (Les liaisons scandaleuses, Le roman de la colère) montre comment il a changé le regard de l’Amérique sur l’esclavage tout en alimentant des stéréotypes racistes dévastateurs. Dénonçant les horreurs du système esclavagiste, de la violence de l’exploitation à la sanglante répression des fugitifs en passant par la séparation des familles, l’autrice se fait ainsi le chantre de la liberté des Noirs mais jamais de leur égalité. Au fil d’extraits du livre, lus par Elsa Lepoivre de la Comédie-Française, et d’images édifiantes de ses adaptations, le documentaire plonge dans ces ambivalences, avec les analyses de l’écrivain Clint Smith, de Patricia Turner, professeure d’études afro-américaines, et de James Baldwin, dont l’intelligence malicieuse illumine une séquence. Retraçant l’épopée d’un roman dont l’écriture comme la réception racontent à la fois l’histoire de l'esclavage, la fracture raciale aux États-Unis et les débats au sein de la communauté afro-américaine, le documentaire sonde la question de l'appropriation dans l'art et celle, fondamentale, de la langue pour dire la réalité de l’asservissement. "La case de l'oncle Tom", du héros au traître Documentaire de Priscilla Pizzato (France, 2024, 53mn) #etatsunis #littérature #documentaire Abonnez-vous à la chaîne ARTE https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwI-JbGNsojunnHbFAc0M4Q/?sub_confirmation=1 Suivez-nous sur les réseaux ! Facebook : http://www.facebook.com/artetv Twitter : http://www.twitter.com/artefr Instagram : https://www.instagram.com/artefr

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