Les débuts d’une seconde révolution quantique - Pascale Senellart (2025)

Collège de France December 12, 2025
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Le Collège de France est une institution de recherche fondamentale dans tous les domaines de la connaissance et un lieu de diffusion du « savoir en train de se faire » ouvert à tous. Les cours, séminaires, colloques sont enregistrés puis mis à disposition du public sur le site internet du Collège de France. Consultez l'agenda des prochains cours, en accès libre et gratuit : https://www.college-de-france.fr/site/agenda Pour effectuer des recherches multicritères dans le fonds vidéo du Collège de France, rendez-vous sur : https://www.college-de-france.fr Soutenir le Collège de France : https://www.fondation-cdf.fr/faire-un-don Le Collège de France est membre associé de l’université Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL).

Video Description

Leçon inaugurale de Pascale Senellart prononcée le 11 décembre 2025. Pascale Senellart est professeure invitée sur la chaire annuelle Innovation technologique Liliane Bettencourt. La mécanique quantique a été le moteur des grandes révolutions technologiques de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, au cœur, entre autres du transistor, du laser ou des systèmes de navigation. Ces innovations n’ont pourtant pas exploité les concepts les plus subtils, ceux qui ont tant fait débat parmi les fondateurs de la mécanique quantique : la superposition quantique et l’intrication. Ces concepts, qui contrarient encore aujourd’hui nos intuitions, ouvrent la voie à de nouvelles façons d’encoder et de manipuler l’information. Les observer et les exploiter requiert toutefois un degré de contrôle inédit des systèmes physiques. Les dernières décennies de recherche en physique quantique, appliquées à des systèmes très variés, allant de la lumière aux composants semi-conducteurs et supraconducteurs, en passant par les atomes, ont progressivement permis de manipuler des systèmes quantiques élémentaires très « purs », et de mettre en évidence, puis de maîtriser la superposition quantique et l’intrication. Il est aujourd’hui possible de générer la lumière photon par photon, de synthétiser de la matière artificielle atome par atome, de sculpter des atomes artificiels avec les outils de la microélectronique, d’intriquer photons et atomes naturels ou artificiels. Ces avancées scientifiques permettent aujourd’hui de développer les premières applications exploitant l’intrication et la superposition. Il s’agit notamment de développer des processeurs quantiques permettant de réaliser des calculs inaccessibles aux supercalculateurs actuels, de mettre en œuvre des protocoles de communication sécurisés par les lois fondamentales de la mécanique quantique ou encore de développer des capteurs de sensibilité ultime, facilitant par exemple la détection d’ondes gravitationnelles. Les applications sont nombreuses, couvrent des domaines liés à la souveraineté numérique, mais promettent également de nouvelles découvertes scientifiques. Nous nous efforcerons de décrire les débuts de cette aventure, où recherche fondamentale et développements technologiques avancent résolument de concert. C’est un domaine en plein essor au niveau international, où une certaine poésie et esthétique se mêlent au quotidien à des ambitions scientifiques extrêmes et à une concurrence intense, à la mesure des enjeux. Les enseignements de Pascale Senellart ont lieu dans le cadre de l'Année internationale des sciences et technologies quantiques qui marque, en 2025, les 100 ans de la découverte de la physique quantique. Lisez l'entretien de Pascale Senellart : https://www.college-de-france.fr/fr/actualites/nous-sommes-au-coeur-une-course-technologique-internationale Retrouvez les vidéos de ses enseignements : https://www.college-de-france.fr/fr/chaire/pascale-senellart-innovation-technologique-liliane-bettencourt-chaire-annuelle Le Collège de France est une institution de recherche fondamentale dans tous les domaines de la connaissance et un lieu de diffusion du « savoir en train de se faire » ouvert à tous. Les cours, séminaires, colloques sont enregistrés puis mis à disposition du public sur le site internet du Collège de France. Découvrez toutes les ressources du Collège de France : https://www.college-de-france.fr Soutenir le Collège de France : https://www.fondation-cdf.fr/faire-un-don Suivez-nous sur : Threads : https://www.threads.net/@collegedefrance https://bsky.app/profile/college-de-france.fr Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/College.de.France Instagram : https://www.instagram.com/collegedefrance LinkedIn : https://fr.linkedin.com/company/coll%C3%A8gedefrance

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