Atomic fine structure: the true story

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Buy me a coffee and support the channel: https://ko-fi.com/jkzero Development of the Bohr-Sommerfeld atomic model, which extended Bohr's model by incorporating elliptical orbits and relativistic corrections, in addition to introducing the fine-structure constant. This pivotal model finally explained the mysterious fine-structure splitting of spectral lines discovered by the second Michelson-Morley experiment and sets the foundation for modern quantum mechanics. [Extra materials] ∘ Elliptical orbits in the phase-space quantization https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.08027 [Related videos] ∘ How Niels Bohr created the quantum atom https://youtu.be/xINR4MoqYVc ∘ This star almost broke Bohr's atomic model https://youtu.be/BcX1aYrLct4 ∘ This experiment confirmed quantum energy levels https://youtu.be/MCJl3-pHGuU Playlist video series on Quantum Physics https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL_UV-wQj1lvVxch-RPQIUOHX88eeNGzVH [References] ∘ P. Zeeman, Nature 55, 347 (1897) ∘ A.A. Michelson and E. W. Morley, "On a method of making the wave-length of sodium light the actual practical standard of length," Phil. Mag. 24, 463 (1887) ∘ N. Bohr, "On the Effect of Electric and Magnetic Fields on Spectral Lines," Phil. Mag. 27, 506 (1914) ∘ A. Sommerfeld, "Zur Theorie der Balmerschen Serie," Klasse der K.B. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München, 425 (1915) ∘ W. Wilson, Phil. Mag. 29, 795 (1915) ∘ L.A. de Castro, C.A. Brasil, and R. Napolitano, "Elliptical orbits in the phase-space quantization," Rev. Bras. Ensino Fís. 38, 3 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9126-RBEF-2016-0067 ∘ A. Sommerfeld, "Die Feinstruktur der Wasserstoff- und der Wasserstoff-ähnlichen Linien," Klasse der K.B. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München, 459 (1916) ∘ A. Sommerfeld, "Zur Quantentheorie der Spektrallinien," Ann. Phys. 51, 1-94, 125-167 (1916) ∘ F. Paschen, Bohrs Heliumlinien, Ann. Phys. 50, 901 (1916) [Credits] A. Sommerfeld , by Bain News Service, public domain Wilhelm Lenz, AIP Pieter Zeeman, AIP Paul Langevin, by H. Manuel under CC BY 4.0 Maurice de Broglie, by Studio Harcourt under CC BY-SA 4.0 Louis de Broglie, public domain Visible spectrum of hydrogen, by J. Homann under CC BY-SA 3.0 Zeeman splitting, by P.Zeeman, public domain J. Stark, by A.B. Lagrelius, public domain A. Michelson, public domain E. Morley, public domain Michelson-Morley experiment, by CWRU, public domain Werner Heisenberg, AIP Erwin Schrödinger, AIP Friedrich Paschen, public domain High voltage experimental physics demonstration, by Hans on Pixabay Electron transitions of Hydrogen, by OrangeDog/Szdori under CC BY-SA 3.0 Karl Schwarzschild, public domain Black hole visualization, by NASA/J.Schnittman, public domain WWI communications, public domain William Wilson, by T.Carrick under CC BY-SA 3.0 Visible Spectrum of Hydrogen, by J. Homann under CC BY-SA 3.0 Perihelion precession of Mercury, by R.Zenz, public domain Sommerfeld orbits, by CielProfond under CC BY-SA 4.0 Werner Heisenberg, AIP AIP: American Institute of Physics, Emilio Segrè Visual Archives CC BY 2.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ CC BY 3.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en CC BY 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en CC BY-SA 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/