Come funziona una LOCOMOTIVA a VAPORE? Tutti i SEGRETI della 740, la più famosa d'ITALIA

Automoto.it September 28, 2025
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La locomotiva a vapore 740, costruita dal 1911 in 470 esemplari principalmente dalla Breda, è conosciuta come la “Locomotiva d’Italia”. Nasce per il trasporto merci ed entra in servizio nel 1920, rimanendo operativa, incredibilmente, fino al 1977, quindi in un'epoca poi non così distante dalla nostra. Il modello 740.244 protagonista della nostra puntata dei Mezzi Speciali, sviluppa circa 980 CV e raggiunge i 65 km/h: numeri che oggi appaiono contenuti, ma che, un tempo, hanno contribuito a rivoluzionare radicalmente i collegamenti, fino a quel momento affidati quasi esclusivamente a convogli trainati da animali. Accanto alla locomotiva viaggia sempre il tender, carro ausiliario che trasporta 22 tonnellate d’acqua e 6 di carbone, a cui si aggiungono altre 8 tonnellate d’acqua contenute nella macchina a vapore stessa. I consumi non sono trascurabili: per coprire i 144 km del nostro viaggio nelle campagne senesi occorrono circa 3 tonnellate di carbone e 40 tonnellate d’acqua. La locomotiva si compone di due macro-parti, carro e caldaia. Quest’ultima integra il forno e il suo inviluppo, in cui brucia il carbone; il corpo cilindrico attraversato da 135 tubi piccoli e 21 grandi, che trasferiscono il calore dei fumi e preriscaldano l’acqua; e infine la camera a fumo. Qui l’effetto Venturi, generato dal vapore in uscita, crea depressione e aspira i fumi verso il fumaiolo, alimentando al contempo il forno con aria fresca per intensificare la combustione. Il vapore si raccoglie nel duomo e viene regolato dal macchinista tramite la valvola Zara. Dopo il surriscaldamento a 350 °C, raggiunge i cilindri attraverso il distributore, che ne gestisce l’immissione, permette l’inversione di marcia e regola la potenza. I pistoni trasformano il moto alternativo in rotazione grazie al sistema biella-manovella, trasmettendo energia alle ruote. Il ciclo è aperto: il vapore, una volta usato, viene espulso. L’acqua si deve quindi reintegrare con degli iniettori, che sfruttano il vapore stesso per spingerla dal tender alla caldaia. Altri sistemi risultano fondamentali: il compressore Westinghouse dei freni, alimentato a vapore, e la lubrificazione automatica, con pompe che inviano olio denso ai cilindri, nebulizzato dal calore. La sicurezza è garantita da tre valvole di sfogo, due Coali tarate a 12 bar e una a bilanciere, oltre a doppi controlli manuali per verificare il livello dell’acqua: un parametro vitale, perché la carenza rischierebbe di fondere le pareti della caldaia. La guida della 740 richiede due figure: il macchinista, che regola pressione e marcia, e il fuochista, che alimenta il forno e mantiene stabile la temperatura. L’ambiente di lavoro è estremo, fatto di calore, fuliggine e tanto rumore, con strumenti da controllare di continuo. L’accensione non è immediata: servono almeno 12 ore per portare la caldaia in pressione, partendo da legna e piccoli inneschi fino ad aggiungere progressivamente carbone, spesso con l’aiuto di un addetto specifico, l’“accudiente”. In marcia, la locomotiva manifesta fenomeni tipici come il serpeggio, dovuto al moto alternativo dei pistoni esterni, o il galoppo nelle versioni con motori interni. Per agevolare le curve, il primo assale della 740 è radiale e si sposta di circa 5 cm. Questa locomotiva non è soltanto una macchina di trasporto, ma un sistema ingegneristico complesso, che richiede conoscenze tecniche, coordinazione e grande impegno fisico. La sua robustezza e versatilità le hanno permesso di lavorare per decenni in condizioni difficili e, oggi, le consentono di continuare a funzionare perfettamente. Riprese e montaggio: Luca Catasta Riprese e drone: Niccolò Franzosi, Leonardo Mannoli Autore: Matteo Valenti Si ringraziano per le immagini: Lorenzo Banfi, Davide Galli, Ambrogio Mortarino, Mattia Sacchiero, Arnold Siegrist e Giuliano Sodi Si ringrazia Fondazione FS Italiane per la preziosa collaborazione. Per info viaggi treni storici: https://www.fondazionefs.it/ Visita il nostro sito: www.automoto.it Iscriviti al canale: https://www.youtube.com/user/redazioneautomoto Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/AutoMoto.it Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/automoto_it/?hl=it Twitter: https://twitter.com/Automoto_it TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@automotoit Whatsapp: https://bit.ly/47CNr3k

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