Boues d'épuration : nos terres empoisonnées | #Investigation

RTBF January 15, 2025
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C’est une habitude. Sans qu’on s’en rende compte, on n’y pense même plus. On flâne sous la douche, on lave la vaisselle en écoutant la radio, on lance une machine de linge, puis on tire la chasse après un passage aux toilettes. L’eau qu’on utilise s’en va ensuite dans l’égout et termine dans une station d’épuration proche de chez nous. Là-bas, elle passe par différents bassins pour être nettoyée. Au bout du processus, d’un côté, il y a l’eau claire rejetée dans les cours d’eau ; de l’autre, il reste une matière organique, dont on ne parle pas souvent, un résidu solide qu’on appelle boue d’épuration. Ces boues sont produites en grande quantité chaque année. Une directive de l’Union européenne, qui date de 1986 et qui est toujours d’application aujourd’hui, favorise l’utilisation des boues d’épuration comme engrais en agriculture, au même titre que le fumier ou le lisier. En 2023, près de 120.000 tonnes de boues, riches en phosphore et en azote, ont été épandues sur les champs en Wallonie. Nous sommes en pleine campagne namuroise. Charles est agriculteur, il vient de recevoir des boues d’épuration qui trônent en tas, au bord de son champ. Il les épandra d’ici quelques mois. Charles, ce n’est pas son vrai nom car si l’épandage des boues est légal et très pratiqué, l’agriculteur s’interroge à plusieurs niveaux ; c’est la raison pour laquelle il a préféré rester anonyme. Pourtant, sur le papier, l’idée est louable. En rendant au sol de la matière organique, l’épandage des boues sur les champs permet de valoriser ces déchets. "Tout le monde est content, les agriculteurs ont des nutriments, donc des amendements qui ne coûtent pas cher, qu’on leur offre gratuitement, poursuit le scientifique. Le secteur de traitement des boues a trouvé une solution pour gérer ces boues. On s’est dit 'on va recycler, on va entrer dans le meilleur des mondes et donc les déchets deviennent des matières premières'. Mais il y a des limites à ce concept d’économie circulaire : on fait circuler en même temps non seulement la matière qui est utile, […] mais aussi des contaminants. On risque de polluer nos sols et on risque de se retrouver avec un héritage pollué qui sera très difficile à gérer." Après autorisation du gouvernement fédéral et de la Région wallonne au travers d’un certificat, les boues provenant des stations d’épuration arrivent dans les mains de sociétés privées, spécialisées dans la valorisation des déchets. Celui que nous appellerons Frank a travaillé plusieurs années dans ce milieu. Il a constaté de gros manquements au niveau de l’analyse des boues d’épuration destinées à l’épandage en agriculture. Il ne souhaite pas être reconnu par ses anciens patrons, alors il restera anonyme. "D’une manière générale, on sait que ces boues ne sont pas 100% clean pour aller sur la terre ; mais bon, on laisse pisser parce que ça arrange tout le monde", soutient Franck. "On sait où on doit prendre l’analyse. Lorsque la personne vient pour analyser, c’est le petit pot qu’on lui met sur la table. En général, c’est comme ça que ça fonctionne, on le sait. Il y a certes des personnes qui sont rigoureuses et qui font de l’analyse correctement, mais la majorité des personnes font l’analyse comme ça les arrange : ils reprennent une boue qui a déjà été analysée et qui est correcte. Les acteurs qui valorisent ces boues-là sont payés pour la valorisation, s’ils ont un camion qui arrive et qui ne peut pas partir, ça embête tout le monde au niveau de la chaîne de la valorisation. Alors, c’était clair qu’on analyse la boue qu’il faut pour que ça arrange le patron." 0:00 Boues d'épuration : nos terres empoisonnées | #Investigation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 🔎 Envie d'en savoir plus ? Des boues d’épuration épandues sur nos champs : "On sait qu’elles ne sont pas 100% clean mais on laisse pisser" ► https://www.rtbf.be/article/investigation-des-boues-d-epuration-epandues-sur-nos-champs-on-sait-qu-elles-ne-sont-pas-100-clean-mais-on-laisse-pisser-11389349 Enquête : Marie Bourguignon et Charlotte Collin Images : Pierre Mélice Son : Philippe Dehalleux, Marc Chantemilant Montage : Vincent Brasseur ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 📌 Retrouvez aussi #Investigation sur : Le site RTBF Info ► https://www.rtbf.be/info/dossier/inve... Auvio ► https://www.rtbf.be/auvio/emissions/d... Facebook ► / investigationrtbf ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- © RTBF 2025 #ecologie #santé #health #champ #PFAS #pollution #risques #enquête #investigation #rtbf

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